艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析。采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用。本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27属,45种,其中优势菌属为Diaporthe、Paraphoma、Ectophoma、Penicillium、Talaromyces、Hypoxylon、Phomopsis、Colletotrichum和Fusarium。抗细菌活性结果显示,Clonostachys、Fusarium和Diapothe属活性较强。抗炭疽病菌试验显示,Talaromyces、Ectophoma和Penicillium属活性较强。本研究初步探讨了海南产艾纳香内生真菌种类的多样性,并首次对其进行了抗病原菌活性筛查,获得的活性菌株可作为微生物源菌剂开发的重要材料。     

Effect of Plasticizers on Properties of Rice Straw Fiber Film

In order to improve the properties of rice straw fiber film, one factor contrast test method was employed. Plasticizer type was chosen as input variable, dry tension strength and elongation, wet tension strength and elongation, bursting strength and tearing strength were chosen as indexes. The results showed that there were significant differences among the means of dry tension strength, dry elongation and bursting strength of different plasticizers; there were not significant differences among the means of wet tension strength, wet elongation and tearing strength of different plasticizers; for dry tension strength and elongation, glycerol had a significant difference with sorbitol and PEG, no significant difference was observed between sorbitol and PEG, dry tension strength added glycerol had been reduced 6.8% compared with that added sorbitol, reduced 9.5% compared with that added PEG; elongation had been improved 6.1% and 9.4%, respectively; for bursting strength, sorbitol had a significant difference with glycerol and PEG, no significant difference was observed between glycerol and PEG; bursting strength added glycerol and added PEG had been improved 6.9% and 5.6%, respectively compared with that of the added sorbitol. The results provided a theoretical reference for further improving the straw fiber film manufacturing process.     

蚕沙和稻秸不同比例组合对瘤胃微生物体外发酵的组合效应

本文采用瘤胃微生物体外发酵法研究了不同比例蚕沙(SE)和稻秸(RS)的组合效应。试验将SE:RS设计为100∶0(SE100组)、80∶20(SE80组)、60∶40(SE60组)、40∶60(SE40组)、20∶80(SE20组)、0∶100(SE0组)的比例,分别进行体外发酵批次培养24 h和体外发酵产气培养72 h,测定产气参数和发酵特性指标。结果表明:1)SE100组理论最大产气量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),SE80组的24和72 h累积产气量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。2)24 h时培养液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度为SE80组>SE100组>SE60组>SE40组>SE0组>SE20组,乙酸/丙酸为SE80组SE100组>SE60组>SE80组>SE40组>SE0组。4)随着蚕沙比例的升高,底物体外有机物消化率越高。5)SE80组多项指标组合效应指数为0.76,SE80组>SE40组>SE60组>SE20组。蚕沙和稻秸组合改善了体外瘤胃微生物发酵特性和产气参数,且蚕沙和稻秸的最佳比例为80∶20。     

大黄素甲醚、大黄酸的研究进展

2014年世界卫生组织首份全球抗菌素耐药报告显示全世界面临严重的公共卫生威胁,2021年农业农村部制定了《全国兽用抗菌药使用减量化行动方案》(2021-2025),从国家层面实施综合治理策略和措施,鼓励替代抗菌药物的研制和创新。大黄素甲醚、大黄酸作为植物蒽醌类有效成分,具有抗微生物、抗炎、抗氧化、神经保护等药理作用,但对其抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎症相关的作用机制和产业化工艺缺少详细报道。本文对国内外已经发表的专利文献、期刊文献进行综述,总结其抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎作用机制及其生产工艺,以期为进一步开发利用提供科学支撑。     

麦秸半焦低温催化气化实验研究

以麦秸半焦为研究对象,比较麦秸半焦和酸洗麦秸半焦700℃下水蒸气气化实验,研究了麦秸灰分中碱金属含量、催化剂种类(K基、Ca基和Fe基)对气化过程的影响。实验结果表明,麦秸灰分中较高含量的碱金属K能够有效促进半焦气化的进行,使得在非催化条件下半焦的碳转化率达到63.4%,相比酸洗麦秸半焦提高了2.6倍。低温下碱金属K基催化剂对半焦气化的促进作用显著,在700℃和K/Al催化剂条件下H2产率和碳转化率分别达到118.60 mol/kg和98.5%,相较于Ca/Al、Fe/Al催化剂而言,H2产率分别提高了10.7%和20.5%,碳转化率提高了12.4%和31.0%;而Ca/Al及Fe/Al催化剂有利于水气变换反应的进行,可提高气化产物中H2体积分数,降低CO体积分数。综合考虑碳转化率、气体产率及气体组分含量等因素,在催化效果较好的K基催化剂中添加适量的Ca基催化剂有利于调节产气成分,从而进一步提纯获得富氢气体。     

Biology,incidence and host susceptibility of Pineus boerneri (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in Colombian pine plantations

Adelgids (Hemiptera) in the genus Pineus have been reported as introduced insect pests causing serious losses to Pinus plantations worldwide. In 2008, Pineus boerneri was recorded for the first time in Colombia, with infestations noted on Pinus kesiya, P. tecunumanii, P. maximinoi and P. oocarpa. The lack of information on this insect in Colombia prompted investigations of its life cycle and infestation levels as well as host susceptibility of the main Pinus species planted in Colombia. In addition, the possibility of using a Ceraeochrysa species, an already established predator of adelgids in Colombia, for biological control was considered. Results showed that Pineus boerneri in Colombia has an anholocyclic life cycle comprised of four instars with a complete duration of between 49 and 97 d. Infestations were higher in the middle and upper part of trees. Pinus kesiya and P. maximinoi had the highest levels of susceptibility in field as well as in greenhouse trials. A survey of naturally infested trees showed P. tecunumanii to be moderately susceptible, whereas P. patula and P. oocarpa had low levels of susceptibility in a greenhouse trial but were not susceptible in the field. Investigations considering the impact of predation of Ceraeochrysa species showed a high predation rate of up to 140 P. boerneri consumed per day by a single Ceraeochrysa individual. Other predators of P. boerneri were recorded but were not sufficiently common to warrant detailed study.     

作物生长过程模拟模型与形态三维可视化关键技术研究

针对作物产量形成、品种适应性分析的数字化解析和可视化表达需求,以提高作物模拟模型的时效性、协同性和真实感为目标,结合物联网技术与作物模拟模型,进行了田间数据实时采集;应用多智能体技术进行了作物协同模拟方法研究与框架设计;开展了作物生长过程模拟模型及基于作物模型的形态三维可视化关键技术研究,以小麦作物为例,进行了田间试验,阐述了小麦三维形态模拟可视化系统的设计实现并进行了试验验证;构建了Logistic方程模拟小麦叶长、最大叶宽、叶片高度、株高等的生长变化,采用基于曲线、曲面的参数化建模方法和3D图形库OpenGL构造了小麦器官几何模型。结果表明小麦叶长、最大叶宽、叶片高度和株高模拟模型R ²值在0.772~0.999之间,回归方程的F值在10.153~4359.236之间,且Sig.小于显著水平0.05,模型显著性较好,模型的拟合度较高。本研究将作物模拟模型结果和形态结构模型有效结合,实现了以小麦为代表的作物在不同管理措施条件下的生长过程形态三维可视化表达,为作物生产数字化系统应用提供了更有效的途径,该技术体系与方法同样适用于玉米、水稻等作物。     

不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响，在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验，试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理，于2016年11月—2017年10月，采用静态箱-气相色谱法，对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内，各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0，各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致；相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量，N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100，与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%；配施秸秆后，N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势，生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明，氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应，而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明，土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系，土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明，土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应，N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大，秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此，添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

贵州省生物天然气发展现状及农作物秸秆资源潜力

对贵州省现阶段生物天然气工程发展的现状进行了阐述,研究了贵州省发展生物天然气存在的问题和困难,并统计了各市州农作物秸秆资源可收集量,计算出了生物天然气的生产潜力,以期为生物天然气的制备和利用提供参考。     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.